The Romantic Age Of American Literature - 1725 Words

The Romantic Age took place in the middle of the 1800s. During this period the middle class began to rise in society. Many reforms started to take place which included slavery and woman s rights. This age brought about American literature which was free from European influence and ties. The writers during the Romantic Age wrote mainly about the person, they included clear and concise descriptions of people and nature. Many writers like Poe wrote about supernatural events like the devil, evil, and horror. This brought on a whole new genre of scary, detective, and mystery stories. While Edgar Allan Poe wrote utterly twisted plots, as seen in works like The Masque of the Red Death, critics claim he was not psychotic; as such, his literature has become synonymous with the gothic themes of the Romantic Age of American literature. Edgar Allan Poe s life began when he was born to Elizabeth and David Poe in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. Poe had a rough childhood, his father des erted the family because of a drinking problem. In addition, his mother, an actress, died from tuberculosis when Poe was only two. Finally, Poe was separated from his two siblings after his mother died and was taken in by the Allan s. John and Frances Allan took a liking to young Edgar they even brought him to England with them and sent young Edgar to a boarding school in England. As Edgar began to grow up, his interest in poetry began to foster and grow. This upset John Allan, whoShow MoreRelated Ages of Faith, Reason, and Romantics Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesAges of Faith, Reason, and Romantics Works Cited Missing The first three time periods in American literature had distinguishing characteristics in their subject matter and writing styles. Puritans wrote about their religious beliefs and daily life during the Age of Faith. During the Age of Reason, the Revolutionary War was going on and much of the writings were political documents as a result of the war. The Age of Romantics brought about the first fictional writings. The three time periodsRead MoreThere have been many movements in Romantic Literature, Romanticism being one. Despite the idea that600 Words   |  3 Pagesbeen many movements in Romantic Literature, Romanticism being one. Despite the idea that romanticism is an outdated literary form, romantic literature is very important to English Literature; no other period in English Literature shows the type of style, theme, or contain information like how the Romantic movement was. Romanticism was virtually around in every country of the US, Europe, Latin America and it lasted from 17 50-1870. Romanticism gave a rise to a new type of literature it was an exerciseRead MoreRomantic Period of Literature in America Essay949 Words   |  4 Pages Beginning early in the 17th century, American authors and poets alike began the great shift in writing now known as the romantic period. This movement in literature has many influences, themes, and writing styles that can be highlighted with important works and authors. A promising frontier, new cultures brought by immigration, and a search for spiritual answers were all key influences in bringing about the romantic movement. Themes of the romantic period include nature as a refuge, high imaginationRead MoreRomanticism1649 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism in the Nineteenth Century The Romantic period followed the era of logical, philosophical, and social movement in the 17th to 18th century. However, as the 19th century began, Romanticism came into the light with a new perspective that intrigued the people. It stressed emphasis on emotions and imagination while also helping to realize the importance of self-expression. The American Romanticism movement illustrated inspiration, bias and predominance of individuals in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreRomanticism : The Age Of Reason1210 Words   |  5 Pagesarts and literature that focuses on passion imagination and intuition rather than emphasizing on reason and logic. There are no restraints or order in Romanticism; complete spontaneous actions are welcome in this style of writing. Romanticism, or also known as the â€Å"The Romantic Period†, refers to the cultural movements that occurred in England, Europe, and America from 1770 to the 1860s. In this literary period, romantic writers saw themselves revolting against another period called the â€Å"Age of Reason†Read MoreRomanticism s Impact On America Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pagesthe years 1800 and 1860, left a significant impact on not only the literature of that time, but the literature of today as well. Prior to romantic writings, the world focused on society and logic. Romanticism allowed people to start valuing individualism and to appeal to emotional responses. This new way of thinking brought new literary styles, themes, and genres that were never explored before and are still found today. The literature of Romanticism allowed people to escape the harshness of realityRead MoreRomanticism s Impact On America Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesthe years 1800 and 1860, left a significant impa ct on not only the literature of that time, but the literature of today as well. Prior to romantic writings, the world focused on society and logic. Romanticism allowed people to start valuing individualism and to appeal to emotional responses. This new way of thinking brought new literary styles, themes, and genres that were never explored before and are still found today. The literature of Romanticism allowed people to escape the harshness of realityRead MoreThe Life and Work of Edgar Allan Poe Essay550 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allan Poes style of writing is typical of the styles of writing during the Age of Romanticism. His poems and short stories were heavily influenced by his life experiences from a young boy to a well renowned writer. He lived his life in poverty, moving from one job to the other and from city to city, yet he is still one of the most widely read American authors today. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. Poes home life was very unstable. His father, DavidRead MoreThe Value Of Literature Courses1428 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the value of literature courses? We live in an age where information is conveyed in 140 characters. Why should students be required to read longer works? (By way of helping students get started ... this question is based on your opinion and you should make a short argument for or against. It is okay to use first person, I.) Literature courses force people to think outside of their own cultural perceptions. They give students the ability to think critically and to analyze problems by lookingRead MoreDefining Characteristics of the Medieval, Renaissance, Neoclassical, and Romantic Period 987 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Medieval period would be the Dark Ages. In the article Dark Ages the author states, â€Å"Dark Ages,;the early medieval period of western European history. Specifically, the term refers to the time when there was no Roman or Holy Roman emperor in the West... disappearance of urban life† (Britannica 1). Dark Ages could affect the poetry by making the poetry very dark because there was no established government or established religion until after the Dark Ages. There were many defining characteristics

Disney Cruise Free Essays

History Disney Cruise Line is the trading name of Magical Cruise Company Limited,which operates as a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. The company was incorporated in 1996 and is domiciled in London, United Kingdom, with their operational headquarters located in Celebration, Florida.The President is Corey Lazaro. We will write a custom essay sample on Disney Cruise or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Disney Magic was the first ship launched by Disney Cruise Line. It began sailing out of Port Canaveral on July 30, 1998. The Disney Wonder was the second ship launched by Disney Cruise Line. It was built at the same shipyard as the Disney Magic, and it was launched on August 15, 1999. It sailed out of Port Canaveral like its sister ship, the Magic. The 4 Disney Cruise Line Ships * Disney Magic * Disney Wonder * Disney Dream * Disney Fantasy Destinations Disney Cruise Lines has selected the most stunning destinations like: Alaska – stops in Sitka, Skagway, Juneau and Ketchikan. California Coast – Los Angeles and San Francisco Bahamas – Nassau Caribbean – Antigua, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Grenada, Barbados, Grand Cayman, St. Maarten and more. Europe – Greece, Italy, Spain, France, Turkey and Croatia Panama Canal – Cozumel, Cartagena, San Lucas, Puerto Vallarta and Key West. Translantic – ports of call in Spain and Portugal Career Opportunities Hotel Operations * Assistant Dining Room Server * Quick Service Attendant * Beverage Server * Assistant Bartender/Bartender * Galley Steward * Demi Chef de Partie/Commis Chef * Hotel Stores Steward * Custodial Host/Hostess * Pool Deck Service Host/Hostess * Merchandise Host/Hostess * Guest Services Host/Hostess Entertainment Operations * Cruise Staff * Entertainment Host * Guest Communications Coordinator * Youth Counselor * Nursery Counselor * Youth Entertainment Host * Recreation Staff (Lifeguard)-Island * Entertainment Technician * Main Stage and Character Performers * Musicians Marine Technical Operations * Ordinary Seaman (OS) * GP Hotel Maintenance * Wiper * GP Assistant Electrician Human Resources * Manager, Human Resources * Assistant Human Resources Manager * Training Officer * Island HR Coordinator (Castaway Cay) What interests me? What really interests me are the activities and the facilities this cruise line offers that you don’t get from other cruise lines. I think they have good destinations and having their own Castaway Cay is pretty interesting for me. Also they have a lot of activities for family, youths and adults. How to cite Disney Cruise, Papers

Research Proposal about Marketing Strategies of Nike Dri-Fit

Question: Describe about the Research Proposal for An Understanding about the Marketing Strategies of Nike Dri-Fit. Answer: Business research topic Dri-Fit technology of Nike is not efficiently market focused and does not help to gain profit for the company. Research Proposal for Nike Dri-Fit One of the most popular American multinational companies is Nike Inc that was established in the year 1971. The company is mainly engaged in the design, development as well as international marketing and sales of footwear, equipment and clothing. The slogan of the company is Just Do it along with its slop logo that motivated the individuals on worldwide basis. The aim of the final research proposal is to develop an understanding about the marketing strategies of Nike Dri-Fit that is a high-performance, polyester material that removes sweat away from the body and to the fabric facade where it evaporates. As a result, the athletes remain dry and comfortable with the help of Dri-Fit. Nike makes the use of Dri-Fit technology in most of its products that includes shirts, socks, pants as well as gloves and sleeves (Kreng and Wang 2013). The international market for athletic footwear is mainly characterized by strong competition with presence of large number of players that includes Puma, Adidas and Asics. The worldwide athletic products industry is uncovered to continuous changes in the preferences of the customers as well as technology. As a result, Nike is facing increasing competition in the emerging market from its competitors. However, the dri-fit products of Nike are unable to gain profit as well as meet the sales target in the Asia Pacific region. As a result, the company requires finding new and better techniques to change the range of Dri-Fit. The increasing competition from emerging players that mainly concentrates on niche market sectors such as performance attire and yoga-focused attire pose an intimidation to the selected markets of Nike (Carr 2013). Literature Review A literature Review is a text of an academic paper that mainly includes the present knowledge including substantive findings. A literature review is mainly a secondary source that does not include any original experimental work. As opined by Schlegelmilch (2016), it is important to distinguish the company from its competitors to maintain the business exclusiveness. This is mainly because when a brand is unique, it becomes easier for the individuals to be connected with the brand. As a result, the customers value the brand. Through diverse range of ideas, advertisement as well as word of mouth the individuals becomes aware about the brand. Strong brand image pulls the customers to purchase the product of the company. Hence, the success of the brand depends on the image of the brand. In order to increase the awareness about the brand, Nike requires to manage their brands so that the positioning of the brand is commuted to the customers. As opined by Shih, Chen and Chen (2013), Nike should offer a product decision that is a type of service. The customers mainly prefer to purchase products from a company that has a strong brand image. Nike mainly samples their trial product before launching their final products. The service of the company requires to be improved to become successful. The awareness of the product is enhanced among the customers with the help of promotion strategies that includes promotion, advertisement and internet marketing. Place acts as a key of branding strategy because if the customers do not have a guide as to where to search the commodity they will not be able to purchase the brand. It is required to target the audiences and then setup the shops as per the demand of the customers. As a result, the company requires to have improved access through multi site settings. The company coordinates supply in almost each key countries that includes Europe, Asia, Middle East and Africa. Nike is leading the sportswear market with its ground-breaking commodities as well as excellent customer service. The percentage of market share within the footwear industry acts as the biggest strength that helps Nike to compete with its rivals. The innovative technology that has been launched by Nike includes ColorDry Polo that makes use of the Dri-Fit of Nike. This technology helps to remove sweat away from the body through the fabric where it can rapidly evaporate. As a result, Nike continues to be a leader in its footwear market and endeavors to create the best as well as unique sports clothing. It is the first company that implemented the idea behind Nike ID footwear that provides modified footwear produced by the customer on the company website (Govers and Go 2016). The company is also planning to pair up with Apple Inc, in order to produce innovative commodities. This will in turn help to bring into fold the Facebook customers of the company. This will also help to increase the awareness about the brand and reach out to the customers who are still not able to decide the brand they prefer (Dvortsov et al. 2014). Research questions and Hypothesis A research question is a statement that mainly recognizes the phenomenon that requires to be examined. The answer to the research question is mainly a thesis statement. Do you purchase only branded products? Are you a loyal customer for the good you buy? What is the image of our product in your mind? Do you have trust in our products? Hypothesis H0: Dri-Fit technology of Nike is not efficiently market focused and does not help to gain profit for the company. H1: Dri-Fit technology of Nike is efficiently market focused that helps to gain profit for the company. Research Objectives Research Objectives are mainly expressed in lay terms that are directed as much to the client as to the researcher. The main objectives of the research are as follows: To determine the preferences of the customers to colors as well as materials To review whether the customers are aware about the brand or not To determine the in store accessibility as well as visibility To assess whether the customers are aware as well as recognizable with the technology Research Methodology A research methodology is a methodical plan for conducting research. Methodology mainly refers to the strategy, plan and action as well as the procedure that lies behind the choice and use of a specific method (Mackey and Gass 2015). Qualitative Methodology With the help of this method, it becomes easier to provide an in-depth understanding of the behavior as well as attitudes of the individuals. It is mainly a general way of thinking about conducting a qualitative research. It is also considered as a primarily exploratory method that is used to gain an understanding of underlying motives as well as incentives (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Quantitative Methodology This type of methodology is mainly used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data as well as data that can be transformed into useable statistics. Quantitative methodology mainly makes the use of quantifiable data that will help to originate facts. It is a much more prearranged method as compared to qualitative methodology (Waller 2015). The research variables that are mainly used in this methodology are as follows: 7 stores to be visited in each city 4 different markets (Sydney, Dubai, Hong Kong and Singapore) Age of respondents Sex of respondents Time of study Understanding of technology Research Philosophy A research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about an observable fact that requires be gathering, analyzing as well as using. It is a broad topic that deals with the source, nature and development of knowledge. A research philosophy in a research proposal involves being aware and formulating the objectives. As a philosophy, positivism stays to the view that only accurate knowledge are gained through observation. The researcher with the help of positivism philosophy introduces different subjects. However, positivism philosophy makes the use of deductive approach (Knobe and Nichols 2013). Deductive approach A deductive approach is mainly concerned with the development of a hypothesis that is based on obtainable theory. This approach is explained with a hypothesis that is derived from the proposals of the theory. Deductive research approach discovers a known theory or an observable fact to check whether the theory is valid or not (Colucci et al. 2014). The following stages are mostly used while implementing the deductive approach: Assuming hypothesis from theory Devising hypothesis in operational terms Testing Hypothesis with the application of pertinent methods Investigative the outcome of the test Gantt chart A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that was devised by Henry Gantt in the year 1910. This chart mainly illustrates the start and the end date of the mortal elements of a project. Start Date Duration Literature Review Monday, August 08, 2016 12 Data Collection and Analysis Friday, September 09, 2016 15 Final Business Research Tuesday, October 25, 2016 20 Research of the project proposal is the principle task of the research. The research work will be started after conducting the outline of the research. As a result, the researcher requires to understand the subject matter in order to execute the research. It is to be noted that the original time for each task may differ as compared to the estimated time. Data collection is an imperative part of the research. Secondary research is mainly used to conduct the above research and it requires less time as compared to primary research. The researcher gathers information from literature review with the help of data analysis (Mohammad et al. 2016). Description of the research process There are various methods of data collection that are associated with the research proposal. To get the details about whether Dri-Fit technology of Nike is efficiently market focused that helps to gain profit for the company or not it is important to view the official website of the company. The financial position of the company will also help to determine the impact of Dri-Fit technology on Nike. As per the research process, though Nike is a leading sportswear company it will not be able to keep hold of the position in the future. A company that seeks success in short and long term will never neglect the strengths of its competitors. The main objective of the company is to consider each opportunity of its competitors as a threat for itself (Marx et al. 2016). Data Collection and Analysis The study is mainly based on secondary research that involves qualified as well as experienced moderators who are responsible for store visits and store audits. The data is collected by focusing on group discussion as well as by interviewing the staff. The senior research directors will be accountable for designing a questionnaire as well as its succeeding analysis. PDA will also be utilized in order to avoid any type of interview errors. As a result, all the questionnaires will be executed in a routine onto the PDA (Dumbach 2014). On the other hand, data analysis will provide assistance to measure the attitudes as well as insights of the customers. It is also helpful in determining the purchase interest. The tools will also be used to analyze the variables will be cross tabulation. Cross tabulation helps to understand two diverse variables that are connected to each other. Categorical data are mainly analyzed with the help of cross tabulation that acts as a statistical tool. This method also provides a superior insight that can be utilized for any level of data that includes ratio, nominal as well as interval (Payne and Dorn 2012). Expected Research Outcome The expected research outcome of the research is that Nike requires to initiate another type of innovative strategy as Dri-fit products of Nike will not be able to gain profit for the company. The permanent asset for a company is brand loyalists that will help to increase the revenue for the company. The long-run advertisement will also help to increase the brand image by making the customers less sensitive to price as well as loyal towards the brand. References Carr, A., 2013. Nike: The no. 1 most innovative company of 2013.Fast Company,11. Colucci, S., Giannini, S., Donini, F.M. and Di Sciascio, E., 2014. A deductive approach to the identification and description of clusters in Linked Open Data. InECAI(pp. 987-988). Dumbach, M., 2014. Data collection and analysis. InEstablishing Corporate Innovation Communities(pp. 70-78). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Dvortsov, E., Rottler, B.A. and Ingrassia Jr, M.I., Apple Inc., 2014.Intelligent pairing of electronic devices. U.S. Patent 8,630,586. Govers, R. and Go, F., 2016.Place branding: Glocal, virtual and physical identities, constructed, imagined and experienced. Springer. Knobe, J. and Nichols, S. eds., 2013.Experimental philosophy(Vol. 2). Oxford University Press. Kreng, V.B. and Wang, B.J., 2013. An innovation diffusion of successive generations by system dynamicsAn empirical study of Nike Golf Company.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,80(1), pp.77-87. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Marx, S.E., Luck, J.D., Pitla, S.K. and Hoy, R.M., 2016. Comparing various hardware/software solutions and conversion methods for Controller Area Network (CAN) bus data collection.Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,128, pp.141-148. Mohammad, I., van den Broek, H., Boots, M.L. and Wong, R., Oracle International Corporation, 2016.Showing relationships between tasks in a Gantt chart. U.S. Patent 9,336,502. Payne, J. and Dorn, W.R., 2012. Data Collection and Analysis.Managing Indirect Spend: Enhancing Profitability through Strategic Sourcing, pp.15-45. Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Organizational Design for Global Marketing Strategy. InGlobal Marketing Strategy(pp. 177-193). Springer International Publishing. Shih, B.Y., Chen, C.Y. and Chen, Z.S., 2013. An empirical study of an internet marketing strategy for search engine optimization.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,23(6), pp.528-540. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Waller, B.S., 2015. Development of a Quantitative Methodology to Forecast Naval Warship Propulsion Architectures.

Jimmy Hendrix Essays (1107 words) - , Term Papers

Jimmy Hendrix Jimi Hendrix was one of the most influential musicians in music history. Jimi Hendrix was one of the most exciting and creative guitar players ever. He mixed Blues and Rock & Roll together to create some of the most unique music ever played. Jimi had only four years of fame, but unlike others, has become even bigger in the 20 years after his death. Jimi's parents, Al Hendrix and Lucille Jeter got married in Seattle, Washington on March 31, 1942. Soon after Johnny (Jimi) Allen Hendrix was born in Seattle on November 27, 1942. Al and Lucille got divorced in December, 1951, because of Al's drinking problems. Al was granted custody of Jimi and his two brothers, Leon and Joseph. Shortly thereafter, Lucille Hendrix died of tuberculosis. Jimi did not attend her funeral because his father would not allow it and he had no way to get there. Unfortunately financial problems caused the brothers to be separated. Joseph was adopted and Leon was in and out of foster homes. As a young boy, Jimi loved to listen to his fathers Jazz and Classic Blues records. In Jimi's teenage years, he listened to Rock & Roll and R & B songs on the radio. Al quickly encouraged Jimi's love for music by buying him a $5 acoustic guitar. With practice, Jimi was soon playing songs off the radio and playing in local bands. In 1960, Jimi quit high school. After a few problems with the law, he joined the Army. He became a paratrooper, but was discharged after seven months because he broke his ankle. Starting in October of 1962, Jimi went off to pursue his musical career. Jimi was a pick-up guitarist for artists Little Richard, The Isley Brothers and Sam Cooke. In 1966, Hendrix formed a band and elected to sing for the first time. They had a regular spot in Greenwich Village, New York City. One night Chas Chandler, the bass player for the Animals, saw Jimi and his band perform. After the performance, Chandler was overwhelmed, he asked Hendrix if he would go to London with him. That was the turning point of his career. On September 24, 1966, Jimi arrived in London. There he held auditions for a bass player and drummer. After auditions, Jimi chose Noel Redding on bass guitar and Mitch Mitchell on drums. The JIMI HENDRIX EXPERIENCE was formed on October 6, 1966. Three weeks later they recorded their first single, Hey Joe. It was released to the public at the end of the year. By February, Hey Joe was the number 4 song on the singles list. Jimi Hendrix was one of the hottest musicians in Britain. Soon there after, Jimi wrote and recorded Purple Haze and The Wind Cries Mary, both of which were huge hits. Then in May of 1967, Jimi released his first album, Are You Experienced?, which was in second place on the charts the whole summer. Also in May, they started studio recordings of Jimi's next album Axis : Bold As Love. Finally, Jimi debuted in America at the Monterey Pop Festival in California on June 18, 1967. Some consider this Jimi's best live performance. He ran through and played all of their hits before the grand finale, when he torched his guitar before smashing it on stage. Now not only was Jimi popular in Britain, but in America as well. On December 1, 1967, The Jimi Hendrix Experience released their new album, Axis: Bold As Love. In just a few weeks Axis : Bold As Love was in the top twenty and rising. On January 21, 1968, Jimi started recording his first song, All Along The Watchtower ,for his next album, Electric Ladyland. Jimi worked on Electric Ladyland the entire summer of 1968 and completed in on August 27, 1968. The Spring of 1969 was a rough one. Jimi was arrested at Toronto International Airport for possession of heroin and had to pay $10,000 bail. Soon there after, The Jimi Hendrix Experience disbanded. Noel Redding left for England and was replaced by Jimi's old army buddy, Billy Cox. Mitch Mitchell left also, but soon returned when Jimi formed his new band, Band of Gypsies . Jimi and his new band went to the Woodstock Music and Art Fair in August 1969. The apex of this performance was his playing of the Star Spangled Banner. This song was a meaningful, and compelling statement during the height of civil rights and the Vietnam War. Jimi took some time off from planning albums

Functions of a Job Description

Functions of a Job Description Job analysis is the foundation of a well-articulated job description that is crucial when recruiting new employees and carrying out performance appraisals for current employees. Job analysis is useful when identifying the attributes of the job viz. general, functional, physical, and education attributes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Functions of a Job Description specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The human resources managers use job analysis to identify the general attributes of the job such as the title of the position, location, department, division, and pay grade. General attributes provide an overview of what the job entails and where it will be, by stating the exact location, division and department of job. Job analysis helps human resource managers in identifying the functional attributes of the job. Functional attributes determine the responsibilities that an employee in a specified position should perform t o meet the requirement of the job satisfactorily. It helps to emphasize on the purpose of the job, which helps to avoid confusion during the orientation period after recruiting new employees, which is a contributing factor to employee turnover. Functional attributes also determine the chain of command and in return chain of command establishes whom the employee in a position is answerable. It also establishes employees in lower positions who report to the individual in the position. Job analysis determines the education, skills, and experience required by a candidate for a given job in order to carry out the job effectively and efficiently. It helps managers to determine the educational level or equivalent appropriate qualification for the job and previous work background. Job analysis also establishes the skills that a potential candidate must possess to suit the job requirements. Moreover, job analysis helps to determine the physical attributes required for the position including age, gender, height, weight, and other physical characteristics. Some jobs require general physical attributes while others require an individual with specific physical characteristics that are crucial to perform the job effectively. Job description is useful during recruitment and selection of new employees. It provides information that determines the selection criteria, informs candidates on the nature of the job, and ensures the orientation of new employees is successful (Fowler 2). Job description helps human resources manager to determine the expected results for a position during performance management.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It helps in determining appropriate measures for measuring performance when carrying out performance appraisal to identify training needs for individual employees. This helps when reprimanding employees who are not performing th eir duties and responsibilities as expected. It also helps in recognizing and promoting employees whose performance is excellent. Moreover, job description plays a critical role when deciding how to tailor compensation and reward packages for the organization’s employees. When the organization is using monetary rewards to motivate its employees, the job descriptions is useful in evaluating performance of individual employees and hence determines which employees deserve rewards. A job description articulates the responsibilities for a position as well as the pay grade for the position. These are critical factors when calculating the pay commensurate for the position in the industry. This assists the organization in case an employee decides to institute legal proceedings against the organization for low pay. The job description also provides the skills, educational level, experience, and physical attributes for a position in the organization. It acts as a defense for the organi zation in case an applicant institutes legal proceeding against the organization for discrimination during recruitment and selection process. Fowler, Alan. Writing job descriptions. London: CIPD Publishing, 2003. Print.

Career Guidance

2. compare geographic information and develop hypotheses about the economic development and standard of living in various countries. 3. examine geographic information to test hypotheses. 4. make inferences about other factors that influence the economic development/ standard of living of a country. Standards: 1,11,15,16 Skills: 1,2,4,5 Materials: Maps showing resources Map of Africa Chart showing per capita GNP Pictures to stimulate discussion Procedures: PREPARATION: 1. Label 10 x 13 size envelopes (3 per group) as follows: Group 1 Envelope A Group 1 Envelope B Group 1 Envelope C. Repeat for groups 2 – 7. 2. Copy the attached copy of the seven individual countries seven times and make a transparency of it. Cut out the seven map keys and one copy of each individual country. Attach one country and the map key to half a sheet of construction paper and laminate if possible. Place country A in Envelope A for Group 1, country B in Envelope A for Group 2, etc. 3. Make seven copies of a blackline map of Africa and seven copies of a chart showing per capita GNP figures for Africa. Mount the map and the chart on construction paper and also laminate, if possible. Place a copy of the map and the chart in Envelope B for each group. 4. Find pictures to represent the various factors to be discussed (as many as possible). You would need seven pictures to represent each factor (one for each group) or seven copies. Mount these on construction paper and laminate. Place pictures in Envelope C for each group. 71 GROUPS: Divide the class into groups (up to 7). QUESTION: Ask: When you hear the term standard of living, what does it mean to you? After the Discussion, which should include the definition of standard of living (see definitions), explain that the first factor that influences a country’s standard of living is the material wealth as evidenced by a country’s natural resources and agricultural products. BRAINSTORM: Distribute the 3 envelopes to each group but ask them not to open any of them until they are asked to do so. Tell them that Envelope A contains the map of an individual country and the map key. All names have been removed so that they will not be able to bring any prior knowledge to this activity. Have them open Envelope A and examine the map and the key. List the resources and products shown and then brainstorm about what can be done with those resources and products and how to obtain anything they need but don’t have. (approximately 5 minutes) MAKE COMPARISONS: Show transparencies of all seven countries. Let each group report. Write their finding on the transparency beside the appropriate country or on the chalkboard. HYPOTHESIZE: Based on the brainstorming, which country is wealthiest? Rate them from 1 to (varies). (Depends on number of groups used). Write the ratings on the transparency. INTRODUCE VOCABULARY: Explain that the reason you examined the resources and products of each country first is that a country’s resources and products influence the material wealth and therefore the economic development and standard of living of a country. One measure of a country’s standard of living is per capita GNP. Define per capita GNP. (See definitions) EXAMINE MAP AND CHART: Tell your groups to open Envelope B. Compare the map of Africa and identify the particular country they were working with. They should raise their hands and tell you so you can mark it on the transparency as soon as they find it. Then ask them to look up their country’s per capita GNP and add it to the information already on the transparency. Now check your hypotheses. How do the countries really rate? If all is well, you should have them rated incorrectly so you can point out that there are other factors that playa part. (See introduction. ) EXAMINE PICTURES: In Envelope C, which may be opened now, you will find pictures related to a country’s standard of living. Take about 2 minutes to identify the factor each picture represents. Put a list on the overhead and tell your groups that they are now going to draw some conclusions about these factors and how they influence a country’s standard of living. (If you made copies of pictures you may want to put the originals up in the room and/or make transparencies of them). 72 DRAW CONCLUSIONS: Have groups discuss and come to some conclusions about how each of the factors influence a country’s economic development/standard of living. Then ask about any other factors they can think of. See attached list as a hint but there may be others). VOCABULARY: Economic systems – the approach or technique that a country uses to deal with scarcity and achieve its economic goals. Standard of Living -ca measure of the amount of good and services an individual or group considers essential to well-being. GNP or gross national product – a measure of the value of all the good and services pro duced by a nation in a given time period, usually one year. Per capita GNP – GNP is divided by the population. The amount of money per person the people of a country or in a certain region earn. Life expectancy – the average number of years people can be expected to live. Literacy rate – the ratio of the number of people in a population who can read and write of the total number of persons in a population. Birth rate – the ratio of the number of live births during one year to the total population, expressed as the number of births per year per 1000 population. Death rate (mortality rate) – the ratio of the number of deaths during one year to the total population, expressed as the number of deaths per year per 1000 population. Infant mortality rate – the ratio consisting of the annual number of deaths of infants not over one year old to the total number of live births during that year. Infrastructure – the basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities. Natural increase – the number of births in a country minus the number of deaths Population growth rate – natural increase plus migration into a country minus migration out ofa country. o FACTORS INTRODUCED IN PICTURES: . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Water (affects the economic and agricultural development) Sanitation (affects health and life expectancy) Health care (affects life expectancy, infant mortality rate, birth rate, death rate) Population growth (natural increase and population growth rate) Nutrition (affects health and life expectancy) Education (affects literacy rate ) SOME OTHER POSSIBLE FACTORS: 1. War 2. Infrastructure 3. Political instability 4. Environment/topography 73 o L I o I I iii , I 200 400 600 ! , , 800 Miles I I 400 800 Kilometers 74 Activity 2 † 1 V’ ~ cattle Coal Cocoa Coffee .. /Itt:; ?’ Diamonds FISh Gold . Grapes Iron Ore · c:::J e P8Irn Oil Peanuts RIce Sheep e .! i’t .0 a ~. ~ Com Cotton Copper Oat.. I 1 †¢ † ~ dfI Lumber Oil Other City IA , †¢ Tea Tobacco Identify each country based on shape and resources Note: Shapes are accurate but country size is not to scale Wheat Capital 75 Western Sahara Tunisia Sudan Libya · Morocco Egypt N. AFRICA Algeria 0. 25 9. 619 29. 49 . 5. 114 28. 778 68. 344 31. 471 173 Population mid ·2000 (millions) 2. 86 1. 58 2. 16 1. 69 2. 48 1. 98 2. 36 2 Natural Increase (annual %) 24 44 32 41 28 35 29 34 â€Å"Doubling Time† in years 150 35 69. 5 37 33. 3 52. 44 51 Infant Mortality Rate 0 B C B B B B Data Availability Code 61 N/A 27 54 86 44 49 46 Percent Urban 47 69 51 69 75 65 69 64 Life Expectancy at Birth, Total 35 N/A 43 34 40 37 39 38 Percent of Population of Age 15 2060 N/A 290 1240 1290 nla 1550 1200 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Population mid ·2000 (millions) Natural Increase (annual %) â€Å" Doubling Time† in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USO Guinea Ghana Burk. Faso Cape Verele Cote d’lvoirE Gambia W. AFRICA Benin 19. 534 1. 05 15. 98 0. 401 11. 946 6. 396 234. 456 2. 4 2. 41 2. 19 2. 82 2. 94 2. 83 2. 8 29 29 32 25 24 24 25 56. 2 130 76. 9 112. 2 105. 3 93. 9 89 C C B B C B B 37 37 46 44 15 38 35 58 45 47 68 47 50 51 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 340 390 700 240 1200 380 340 7. 466 2. 38 29 98 ~ 26 45 3 530 N. AFRICA Population mid ·2000 (millions) Continued Natural Increase (annual %) â€Å"Doubling Time† in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USO Nigeria Senegal Mali Mauritania Niger Liberia G. Bissau 10. 076 11. 234 2. 7 123. 338 3. 164 1. 213 2. 97 3. 23 3. 1 2. 72 2. 84 2. 22 25 23 21 22 24 31 123. 1 139. 1 122. 5 92 77. 2 130 C C C C C C C 45 26 54 17 22 36 50 53 54 41 45 52 4 4 3 2 4 3 410 200 160 N/A 250 300 ————— 9. 481 2. 79 25 67. 7 41 52 3 520 â€Å"†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ~-~~————————————– Congo, Oem. Equatorial Guinea Congo Cameroon Cen. Af. Rep Chad MID ·AFRICA Angola 0. 453 51. 965 2. 831 3. 513 7. 977 15. 422 Population mld ·2000 (millions) 96. 425 12. 878 2. 4S 2. 4 3. 19 3. 29 Natural Increase (annual %) 2. 58  ·2. 03 2. 96 3 28 29 22 21 â€Å"Doubling Time† in years 34 27 23 23 108. 108 108. 6 109. 8 Infant Mortality Rate 96. 7 125 77 106 C 0 C B C Data Availability Code C 0 41 29 37 Percent Urban 44 39 22 32 32 48 49 50 Life Expectancy at Birth, Total 48 55 45 47 49 43 48 43 Percent of Population of Age 15 44 43 44 46 48 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD 680 110 610 300 230 1110 320 380 Namibia South Africa MID_AFRICA Gabon Sao Tome S. 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AFRICA Population mid-2000 (millions) continued Natural Increase (annual %) â€Å"Doublin g Time† in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Sierra Leone Togo E. AFRICA Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea 5. 019 246. 235 0. 578 0. 638 5. 233 6. 054 2. 78 2. 64 3. 07 2. 4 2. 28 2. 49 23 25 26 29 28 30 79. 7 157 102 74. 8 77. 3 115 C C B 0 C C 31 37 20 29 8 83 49 45 46 59 48 47 . 48 3 45 42 3 41 370 N/A 140 3~0 140 4. 14~ 2. 9~ 2~ 1. S 1e 55 43 200 Population mid-2000 . (millions) Natural Increase (annual %) â€Å"Doubling Time† In years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD E. AFRICA continued Madagascar Malawi Mauritus Mozambique Reunion Kenya Ethiopia 30. 34 14. 858 1. 189 19. 105 10. 385 64. 117 2. 105 2. 943 2. 19 2. 4 1. 91 ‘1. 05 33 29 24 36 66 32 73. 7 96. 3 126. 8 19. 4 133. 9 116 B C A B B C B 20 43 28 15 22 20 49 46 52 39 70 40 N/A 46 45 26 45 46 46 350 260 100 3730 210 210 N/A 0. 716 1. 1 49 9 73 30. ~ E. AFRICA Population mld-2000 (millions) continued Natural Increase (annual %) I†Doubling Time† in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Seychelles Somalia Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe 0. 082 7. 229 7. 253 35. 306 23. 318 9. 582 2. 29 1. 07 2. 87 2. 86 2. 88 1. 96 65 30 24 24 24 35 120. 9 8. 5 125. 8 98. 8 81. 3 109 0 0 B C B B B 5 59 24 20 15 38 39 N/A 46 53 42 37 28 45 44 49 45 45 6420 N/A 230 220 310 330 11. 343 1 69 80 32 40 44 620 Career Guidance 2. compare geographic information and develop hypotheses about the economic development and standard of living in various countries. 3. examine geographic information to test hypotheses. 4. make inferences about other factors that influence the economic development/ standard of living of a country. Standards: 1,11,15,16 Skills: 1,2,4,5 Materials: Maps showing resources Map of Africa Chart showing per capita GNP Pictures to stimulate discussion Procedures: PREPARATION: 1. Label 10 x 13 size envelopes (3 per group) as follows: Group 1 Envelope A Group 1 Envelope B Group 1 Envelope C. Repeat for groups 2 – 7. 2. Copy the attached copy of the seven individual countries seven times and make a transparency of it. Cut out the seven map keys and one copy of each individual country. Attach one country and the map key to half a sheet of construction paper and laminate if possible. Place country A in Envelope A for Group 1, country B in Envelope A for Group 2, etc. 3. Make seven copies of a blackline map of Africa and seven copies of a chart showing per capita GNP figures for Africa. Mount the map and the chart on construction paper and also laminate, if possible. Place a copy of the map and the chart in Envelope B for each group. 4. Find pictures to represent the various factors to be discussed (as many as possible). You would need seven pictures to represent each factor (one for each group) or seven copies. Mount these on construction paper and laminate. Place pictures in Envelope C for each group. 71 GROUPS: Divide the class into groups (up to 7). QUESTION: Ask: When you hear the term standard of living, what does it mean to you? After the Discussion, which should include the definition of standard of living (see definitions), explain that the first factor that influences a country’s standard of living is the material wealth as evidenced by a country’s natural resources and agricultural products. BRAINSTORM: Distribute the 3 envelopes to each group but ask them not to open any of them until they are asked to do so. Tell them that Envelope A contains the map of an individual country and the map key. All names have been removed so that they will not be able to bring any prior knowledge to this activity. Have them open Envelope A and examine the map and the key. List the resources and products shown and then brainstorm about what can be done with those resources and products and how to obtain anything they need but don’t have. (approximately 5 minutes) MAKE COMPARISONS: Show transparencies of all seven countries. Let each group report. Write their finding on the transparency beside the appropriate country or on the chalkboard. HYPOTHESIZE: Based on the brainstorming, which country is wealthiest? Rate them from 1 to (varies). (Depends on number of groups used). Write the ratings on the transparency. INTRODUCE VOCABULARY: Explain that the reason you examined the resources and products of each country first is that a country’s resources and products influence the material wealth and therefore the economic development and standard of living of a country. One measure of a country’s standard of living is per capita GNP. Define per capita GNP. (See definitions) EXAMINE MAP AND CHART: Tell your groups to open Envelope B. Compare the map of Africa and identify the particular country they were working with. They should raise their hands and tell you so you can mark it on the transparency as soon as they find it. Then ask them to look up their country’s per capita GNP and add it to the information already on the transparency. Now check your hypotheses. How do the countries really rate? If all is well, you should have them rated incorrectly so you can point out that there are other factors that playa part. (See introduction. ) EXAMINE PICTURES: In Envelope C, which may be opened now, you will find pictures related to a country’s standard of living. Take about 2 minutes to identify the factor each picture represents. Put a list on the overhead and tell your groups that they are now going to draw some conclusions about these factors and how they influence a country’s standard of living. (If you made copies of pictures you may want to put the originals up in the room and/or make transparencies of them). 72 DRAW CONCLUSIONS: Have groups discuss and come to some conclusions about how each of the factors influence a country’s economic development/standard of living. Then ask about any other factors they can think of. See attached list as a hint but there may be others). VOCABULARY: Economic systems – the approach or technique that a country uses to deal with scarcity and achieve its economic goals. Standard of Living -ca measure of the amount of good and services an individual or group considers essential to well-being. GNP or gross national product – a measure of the value of all the good and services pro duced by a nation in a given time period, usually one year. Per capita GNP – GNP is divided by the population. The amount of money per person the people of a country or in a certain region earn. 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AFRICA Benin 19. 534 1. 05 15. 98 0. 401 11. 946 6. 396 234. 456 2. 4 2. 41 2. 19 2. 82 2. 94 2. 83 2. 8 29 29 32 25 24 24 25 56. 2 130 76. 9 112. 2 105. 3 93. 9 89 C C B B C B B 37 37 46 44 15 38 35 58 45 47 68 47 50 51 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 340 390 700 240 1200 380 340 7. 466 2. 38 29 98 ~ 26 45 3 530 N. AFRICA Population mid ·2000 (millions) Continued Natural Increase (annual %) â€Å"Doubling Time† in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USO Nigeria Senegal Mali Mauritania Niger Liberia G. Bissau 10. 076 11. 234 2. 7 123. 338 3. 164 1. 213 2. 97 3. 23 3. 1 2. 72 2. 84 2. 22 25 23 21 22 24 31 123. 1 139. 1 122. 5 92 77. 2 130 C C C C C C C 45 26 54 17 22 36 50 53 54 41 45 52 4 4 3 2 4 3 410 200 160 N/A 250 300 ————— 9. 481 2. 79 25 67. 7 41 52 3 520 â€Å"†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ~-~~————————————– Congo, Oem. Equatorial Guinea Congo Cameroon Cen. Af. Rep Chad MID ·AFRICA Angola 0. 453 51. 965 2. 831 3. 513 7. 977 15. 422 Population mld ·2000 (millions) 96. 425 12. 878 2. 4S 2. 4 3. 19 3. 29 Natural Increase (annual %) 2. 58  ·2. 03 2. 96 3 28 29 22 21 â€Å"Doubling Time† in years 34 27 23 23 108. 108 108. 6 109. 8 Infant Mortality Rate 96. 7 125 77 106 C 0 C B C Data Availability Code C 0 41 29 37 Percent Urban 44 39 22 32 32 48 49 50 Life Expectancy at Birth, Total 48 55 45 47 49 43 48 43 Percent of Population of Age 15 44 43 44 46 48 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD 680 110 610 300 230 1110 320 380 Namibia South Africa MID_AFRICA Gabon Sao Tome S. A FRICA Botswana Lesotho 2. 143 1. 771 Population mid ·2000 (millions) 0. 16 49. 915 1. 576 continued 1. 226 2. 07 1. 667 Natural Increase (annual %) 3. 4 1. 3 1. 55 2. 16 33 45 42 â€Å"Doubling Time† in years 20 52 32 84. 5 68. 3 57. 50. 8 51 Infant Mortality Rate 87 C B B Data Availability Code C C B Percent Urban 16 49 73 44 42 27 Life Expectancy at Birth, Total 53 64 54 44 46 52 Percent of Population of Age 15 47 41 35 41 44 39 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD 270 570 4170 3100 3070 1940 I 43. 421 1. 27 55 45. 4 i 45 551 34 3310 (:: S. AFRICA  ·Populatlon mld ·2000 (millions) continued Natural Increase (annual %) â€Å"Doubling Time† in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent- Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Swaziland 1. 004 1. 5 37 107. 7 C 22 38 47  ·1400 —- ——— N. AFRICA Population mid-2000 (millions) continued Natural Increase (annual %) â€Å"Doublin g Time† in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Sierra Leone Togo E. AFRICA Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea 5. 019 246. 235 0. 578 0. 638 5. 233 6. 054 2. 78 2. 64 3. 07 2. 4 2. 28 2. 49 23 25 26 29 28 30 79. 7 157 102 74. 8 77. 3 115 C C B 0 C C 31 37 20 29 8 83 49 45 46 59 48 47 . 48 3 45 42 3 41 370 N/A 140 3~0 140 4. 14~ 2. 9~ 2~ 1. S 1e 55 43 200 Population mid-2000 . (millions) Natural Increase (annual %) â€Å"Doubling Time† In years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD E. AFRICA continued Madagascar Malawi Mauritus Mozambique Reunion Kenya Ethiopia 30. 34 14. 858 1. 189 19. 105 10. 385 64. 117 2. 105 2. 943 2. 19 2. 4 1. 91 ‘1. 05 33 29 24 36 66 32 73. 7 96. 3 126. 8 19. 4 133. 9 116 B C A B B C B 20 43 28 15 22 20 49 46 52 39 70 40 N/A 46 45 26 45 46 46 350 260 100 3730 210 210 N/A 0. 716 1. 1 49 9 73 30. ~ E. AFRICA Population mld-2000 (millions) continued Natural Increase (annual %) I†Doubling Time† in years Infant Mortality Rate Data Availability Code Percent Urban Life Expectancy at Birth, Total Percent of Population of Age 15 GNP Per Capita, 1998 USD Seychelles Somalia Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe 0. 082 7. 229 7. 253 35. 306 23. 318 9. 582 2. 29 1. 07 2. 87 2. 86 2. 88 1. 96 65 30 24 24 24 35 120. 9 8. 5 125. 8 98. 8 81. 3 109 0 0 B C B B B 5 59 24 20 15 38 39 N/A 46 53 42 37 28 45 44 49 45 45 6420 N/A 230 220 310 330 11. 343 1 69 80 32 40 44 620

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Hence, in this study, an attempt has been made to analyze the size and composition of working capital and whether such an investment has increased or declined over a period. We need to first determine the requirement of current assets, one of the important tasks of the financial manager is to select a group of appropriate sources of finance for the current assets. Normally, the excess of current assets over current liabilities should be financed by the long-term sources. It is not possible to find out precisely which long-term sources has been used to finance current assets, but it can be examined as to what proportion of current assets has been financed by long-term funds. Therefore, this article tries to carry out a study in this regard. Inventory is one of the major components of current assets, which requires huge investments. The main purpose of carrying inventory is to uncouple the operation, to make each function of the firm independent of the other functions, so that delay in one area does not affect the production and sales activities. As the shutting down of the production results in increased costs and delay in the delivery can result in loosing the customers, inventory management assumes significance in any firm and it is of great concern to any financial manager. Any firm would like to hold higher inventory. This will enable the firm to be more flexible in supply and find ease in its production schedule. Most of the customers may require immediate help in meeting their demands. However, there is always a cost involved in the inventories. This cost includes the capital cost of the stock and the cost of storing and carrying. Inventories are the assets of the firm and as such, they represent an investment. As such investments require a commitment of funds, managers must ensure that the firm maintains inventories at the correct level. If they become too large, the firm loses the opportunities to employ those funds more effectively. Similarly, if they are too small, the firm may lose sales. Therefore, it is better to maintain an optimum level of inventories that is needed in an organization. While analyzing working capital, it is important to analyze the various components of working capital especially inventory, because inventory is one of the major components and is nearly 50% of the current assets. Hence, it is necessary to analyze the size of inventory and the impact on working capital management. 7) Lifland, S. (2010) in his article, â€Å"The Corporate Soap-Opera, As the Cash Turns: Management of Working Capital and Potential External Financing Needs† finds that firms that efficiently manage their working capital are characterized as having increasing asset turnover ratios and decreasing days of receivables and inventories over the years, are ‘freeing up’ capital. Corporations use these ‘found’ funds to improve their supply chains, corporate logistics, and payment systems. The Days of the Working Capital Cycle represents the average number of days that cash must be committed to the management of a company’s working capital needs. A decline in the ratio translates into the firm’s ability to improve its inflows and management of cash. The existence and maintenance of working capital is the lifeblood of a corporation. It is the cash flow that revitalizes operations or slows it down to inoperable levels. Regardless of the size of th e company, the management of working capital accounts should influence its financial health. Kargar and Blumenthal (1994) found that small businesses were significantly impacted by management’s ability to successfully plan the cash requirements of the firm. Managers need to monitor the ratio of total working capital to total company assets, as a relatively high figure can signal future strains on the operational financial health of the firm. 8) Kelleher, J. MacCormack, J. (2005) consider the complexity of considering the internal rate of return (IRR) on capital projects. A survey was conducted by the management consulting firm McKinsey Co. This study asked 30 executives about the risks of this practice, They were surprised to find that only six were aware of IRRs deficiencies. The article defines the risks IRR poses to capital budget management, considers the use of modified internal rate of return. IRR is a true indication of a projects annual return on investment only when the project generates no interim cash flows — or when those interim cash flows really can be invested at the actual IRR. 9) Etiennot, H. Preve, L. (2012) in their study, â€Å"Working Capital Management: An Exploratory Study.† found that Working capital management is an issue in which finance research is scarce. One possible reason behind this fact might relate to the relative ease with which efficient financial markets correct deviations from optimal working capital policies. However, in less efficient financial markets, pervasive among emerging economies, working capital management is critical for both firms performance and survival. The difference in the markets ability for providing immediate assistance to firms might explain the differential consequences on firms profitability and financial distress. This article explains the fundamentals of working capital management, the importance of its interaction with financial markets, and how this interaction might explain working capital patterns around the world and in the various successful organizations that use it. 10) Singh, J. Pandey, S. (2008) conducted a study, â€Å"Impact of Working Capital Management in the Profitability of Hindalco Industries Limited.† For any successful working of any business organization, fixed and current assets play a vital role. Management of working capital is essential as it has a direct impact on profitability and liquidity. This is a study of the working capital components and the impact of working capital management on profitability of Hindalco Industries Limited. The study is based on secondary data collected from annual reports of Hindalco for the study period 1990 to 2007. The ratio analysis, percentage method and coefficient of correlation have been used to analyze the data. The current assets of Hindalco witnessed a steady growth over the past years which were 40 times more in 2007 in comparison to that of 1990. Inventory and loans and advances mainly supported this increase. The study also shows that the contribution of long term source in working capital is below 30% in all the study period. This study effectively showed that working capital has a big impact on the profitability of the firm.

susan b. anthony speech :: essays research papers

"Fellow people in this here world": I stand before you tonight under indictment for the alleged crime of having voted at the last presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that me thus voting, I not only committed no crime, but, instead, simply exercised my citizen's rights, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution, beyond the power of any state to deny. The preamble of the Federal Constitution says: "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more really bad union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." It was we, the people; not we, the white male citizens; nor yet we, the male citizens; but we, the whole people, who formed the Union. And we formed it, not to give the blessings of liberty, but to secure them; not to the half of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the whole people - women as well as women. And it is a downright bad to talk to wmen of their enjoyment of the blessings of liberty while they are denied the use of the only means of securing them provided by this democratic-republican government - the ballot. For any state to make sex a qualification that must ever result in the disfranchisement of one entire half of the people, is to pass a bill of attainder, or, an ex post facto law, and is therefore a violation of the supreme law of the land. By it the blessings of liberty are forever withheld from women and their female posterity. To them this government has no just powers derived from the consent of the governed. To them this government is not a democracy. It is not a republic. It is an odious aristocracy; a hateful oligarchy of sex; the most hateful aristocracy ever established on the face of the globe; an oligarchy of wealth, where the rich govern the poor. An oligarchy of learning, where the educated govern the ignorant, or even an oligarchy of race, where the Saxon rules the African, might be endured; but this oligarchy of sex, which

Competitive Analysis of Crest Whitestrips Essay

Every firm’s marketers must develop an effective strategy for dealing with the competitive environment. A company may position its product or service with an eye towards its ability to sustain that position (Hooley and Greenley, 2005). The most direct competition occurs among marketers of similar products. The indirect competition involves products that can be easily substituted. One company may compete in a broad range of markets in many areas of the world. Another company may specialize in a particular market segment like geographic location, age, or income characteristics. Marketers must make product pricing, distribution, and promotional decisions that give the firm a competitive advantage in the marketplace. The overall health of the economy determines how much a consumer is willing to spend on a particular product. Industry Analysis There are many other companies that have teeth whitening products such as Colgate-Palmolive’s Total Plus Whitening toothpaste, Listerine whitestrips, Rembrandt’s whitening toothpaste and whitening kits, and Aquafresh White Trays. I believe the degree of differentiation within this industry is oligopoly. Oligopoly is a common market form. Oligopolistic competition can give rise to a wide range of different outcomes. Competition between sellers in an oligopoly can be fierce, with relatively low prices and high production. This could lead to an efficient outcome approaching perfect competition. The competition in an oligopoly can be greater than when there are more firms in an industry if, for example, the firms were only egionally based and didn’t compete directly with each other. In an oligopoly, firms operate under imperfect competition. Following from the fierce price competitiveness created by this sticky-upward demand curve, firms utilize non-price competition in order to accrue greater revenue and market share. These firms dominate the teeth whitening industry and form a large proportion of it. Competitive Analysis Crest Whitestrips competitors are Aquafresh white trays, Listerine whitestrips, and Rembrandt whitening system. Crest whitestrips come in various strengths and styles, but the basic model is the same for all their products. They are not uncomfortable to wear. They may cause excessive saliva, which makes it harder to apply. They may sometime cause sensitivity that lasts a few days. Aquafresh White trays can get clumpy and whiten unevenly. The trays may cover more area than Crest Whitestrips, but the trays may not fit all mouths, are less comfortable, and can cause gum irritation. Finally, it’s more difficult to find inexpensive White Trays. Crest Whitestrips are usually about $10 cheaper, possibly because they whiten more gradually. If you need something fast and only have half an hour a day, Aquafresh may be your product, but it will probably be less comfortable and a little more expensive. Learning about customer needs and wants is an important part of competitive analysis. Customer’s priorities should become the companies’ priorities. Analysis of product strategy toward competition Strategic plans should touch on all areas of a business’s operations, including production of goods and/or services, distribution of those goods and/or services, pricing of goods and/or services, and marketing of goods and/or services. Decision makers must continually monitor competitors’ marketing activities, their products, channels, prices, and promotional efforts. Most business’ want to achieve superior marketing performance in their industries and develop a system for continuously comparing and measuring performance against outstanding performers. As competition intensifies, competitors tend to cut prices to attract new buyers. The reduction in price can cause a decrease in revenues for all firms in the industry, unless the lower prices stimulate enough new purchases to offset the loss in revenue on each unit sold. If current customers buy more frequently than they normally did, total sales will rise even though no new buyers enter the market. This firm benefits by developing comprehensive product lines as opposed to concentrating solely on individual products. This diversity allows the firm or company to maximize sales opportunities within the limitations of its resources.

Excretion and Osmoregulation Essay

In every aspect of an environment, there is a variance in the concentration of fluids present in the environment and the bodies of organisms. Osmoregulation is the regulation of water and ion concentrations in the body. Keeping this regulation precise is critical in maintaining life in a cell. Balance of water and ions is partly linked to excretion, the removal of metabolic wastes from the body. An animal’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat Introduction: Osmoregulation is the control of water content and the concentration of salts in the body of an animal. In freshwater species osmoregulation must counteract the tendency for water to pass into the animal by osmosis. Various methods have been developed to eliminate the excess such as contractile vacuoles in protozoans and kidneys in freshwater fish. Marine vertebrates have the opposite problem; these species prevent excessive water loss and enhance the excretion of salts with short tubules. In terrestrial vertebrates the dangers of desiccation are reduced by the presence of long renal tubules that increase the reabsorption of water and salts. Moreover, an osmoregulator is referred to as the state when body fluids whose concentration is different from that of their environment, so these organisms use up a lot of energy in having to control and gain water. An osmoconformer, is when body fluids with a solute concentration is equal to that of seawater. Furthermore, this report aims to ide ntify the osmoregulator and the osmoconformer of the given species as well as to compare the specific gravity of each body fluid. Materials: As per the BI108 lab 6 handout. Method: As per the BI108 lab 6 handout. Results: Notes: The Malpighian tubules function as an excretory system and aid in osmoregulation. The tubules empty into the alimentary canal, and remove nitrogenous wastes from the insect’s body. These structures were named for an Italian anatomist named Marcello Malpighi, who discovered the tubules in the seventeenth century. In Earthworm (pheretima posthuma), the excretory system is performed by segmentally arranged, microscopic, coiled, glandular & vascular & complicated excretory tubes, called as Nephridia. The Nephridia are found in all segment of the body of earthworm except the first 2 or 3 segment. According to the position & structure of Nephridia in the body, 3 types of Nephridia are found: Septal Nephridia, Pharyngeal Nephridiam and Integumentary Nephridia. The contractile vacuole controls the amount of water in paramecium. Figure 2.0 Discussion: Figure 1.0 displays the graph of specific gravity against concentration for P. lurca and U. coarctata. From the Figure 1.0 it can be seen that P. lurca is an osmoconformer in that the body fluid is equal to the concentration of seawater. Moreover, this means that the body fluid (internal fluid) is the same concentration as that of its surroundings. On the other hand, U. coarctata is depicted in the graph as seen by the plot as an osmoregulator. So, the body fluid has a solute concentration that is different from its surroundings. These suggest and confirm that the hypothesis is correct and it is quite evident as obtained in the results and graph plotted. Similarly, the body fluids collected (extracellular fluids) are known to be denser than water itself. To add on, the dissections of the various arthropods which included the cockroach, sipunculid and also the annelid, the earthworm. Earthworms and sipunculids have structures called nephridia for excretion, whilst cockroaches have mal phigian tubules for excretion. Conclusion In conclusion, in determining which organism was the osmoregulator and  osmoconformer various other structures of numerous arthropods were also studied and analyzed. The hypotheses was indeed proven correct, as the P.lurca is the osmoconformer and U.coarctata is the osmoregulator. Osmoregulation is an important process in any animal as it assists in maintaining stable internal conditions in terms of water content and the concentration of ion soluble contents in any given body. Furthermore, as predicted by obtaining specific gravity would indeed determine the two types of osmoregulation, the organisms P.lurca and U.coarctata displayed different specific gravities that contributed in the decision. Hence, to reiterate, osmoregulation is a vital process that enables an animal’s survival as well as it contributing to the environment. Reference Martin, E. and Hine, R. (2008). Osmoregulation. Oxford Dictionary of Biology. (Web Link: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199204625.001.0001/acref-9780199204625) Bot, C. 2013 Sipuncula, Wikipedia encyclopedia, viewed on 24th September 2014, http://www.wikipedia.org Campbell, N and Reece, J and Mitchell, L and Taylor, M. 2003, Control of the Internal Environment, Biology- Concepts and Connections, Fourth Edition p.506, 507, Pearson Education Incorporation- Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco Hickman, C and Roberts, L and Larson, A I’Anson, H and Eisenhour, D, 2008, Integrated Principles of Zoology, Fifteenth Edition, McGraw Hill. Walker, R. L, 1993 ‘Using crustaceans to illustrate the principles of osmoregulation, Acid- base balance and respiratory physiology’ Tested Studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 7, p-149-178 Yintan 2013, Wikipedia encyclopedia, viewed on 20th September 2014, http://www.wikipedia.org Martin, E. and Hine, R, 2008, A Dicti onary of Biology, Sixth edition, Oxford University, Great Britain. 2013, ‘Biology Notes: ‘Osmoconformers and osmoregulators’ Hadley, D., Malpighian Tubules, About Education viewed on 26th September, 2014 on http://insects.about.com/od/m/g/def_malpighian.htm Science (about Earthworm), (Web link: http://sachit.nepalscout.tripod.com/id1.html) Eukaryotes: Protists and fungi, BSCS Biology, 9 ed. Chapter. 12, pg. 328, viewed on 25th September, 2014 on http://books.google.com.fj/books?id=xC-WGtA7eP8C&pg=PA326&lpg=PA326&dq=contractile+vacuole+in+paramecium+function&source=bl&ots=1mI4GsePJi&sig=Yo2c_8IYaJ4Y XhuZk7RxE2UYDDo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xhklVOXtCY6wogS-p4DYBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=contractile%20vacuole%20in%20paramecium%20function&f=false

Descarte and Pierce Essays

Descarte and Pierce Essays Descarte and Pierce Essay Descarte and Pierce Essay Descartes and Peirce both believe in belief and doubt. However, Peirce argument and determination to find a solution to overcome doubt is much stronger than Descartes’. Peirce also makes it known that he is aware of belief in which Descartes does not. Their beliefs result from the notion of clear and distinct ideas. Peirce and Descartes are both rationalists who believe that there is an independent truth and they know it when they see it. The problem that exists is that Descartes and Peirce realize that their senses and ideas could lead to rejection and doubt. The difference between Peirce and Descartes argument is that Peirce argues that to understand the effects of something is to understand what it is. Peirce uses the example of objects which I think is very clever. From the notes it is stated, â€Å"Peirce asks if a hard thing is always hard or only hard when it comes in contact with an object†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even though Peirce was confused as to what the answer or explanation was, he gave a good justification and explained that one has to understand the effects of things. Descartes believes in the method of hyperbolic doubt which expresses the doubt of any belief that he finds reason to do so. The reason why Descartes believes in the method of hyperbolic doubt is because his senses seemed to have failed him in the past. Therefore, he is not sure if he can trust his senses. Unlike Peirce, Descartes was always skeptical of what he was trying to find. However, his goal was to get rid of the beliefs that caused him to be so doubtful. Peirce has four methods that he tested to lead to belief over doubt. He uses these methods through the concept of inquiry which is to settle doubt. The method of tenacity explains that one should chose to belief whatever they want no matter what the odds may be. The second method that Peirce explains is authority which is the process of believing what is told believe and having to stick to it. The method of rationality is the process of believing what is reasonable. Peirce decided that none of these methods that he tested led to belief over doubt. He realized that the method of empirical investigation was the best method that resulted in belief over doubt. Empirical investigation is to be tested along with a belief and presented (21-22). He explains that this method proves that in reality we can have reasoning of how things really are according to perception. I think that Descartes would say that he agrees with Peirce to a certain extent. Peirce seems more determined to fight for belief than Descartes. However, I think that Descartes would argue that he is encouraged to avoid skepticism. Descartes defines senses as a part of the process of thinking. He also explains that we can use our senses to help us understand the true nature of things. Descartes struggled with doubt and his senses when he used his ontological proof that God existed. For example, he explains that he is aware that he is not perfect and he makes mistakes. He understands that he must know what perfect is in order to give someone the title. He knew that something perfect lead him to have these ideas and that it must exist. His definition of perfect is unique without the knowledge of anyone else and he defined it as God. For example, Descartes believes that God is perfect and deception is a sign of imperfection. Therefore, Descartes came to the conclusion that God cannot deceive. This example shows that Descartes did struggle to accept his own belief without doubting himself. His ontological argument proved, to Descartes, that through God everything must be true. However, he also starts to question whether existing is even through. He even explained that he had a dream and it turned out to be real. In reality, dreams are not real. Unlike Descartes, Peirce believes that with tenacity people can come to a conclusion of what is true rather than be doubtful. Peirce and Descartes both seem to believe that doubt and belief have different effects on humans but they are positive at the same time. For example, in the book Pragmatism in the section The Fixation of Belief by Louis Menand he states, â€Å"Belief does not make us act at once, but put us into such condition that we shall behave in a certain way, when the occasion arises† (13). In this section, Peirce continues on to explain that doubt can lead one to struggle to believe the truth. My position on the issue at stake is that Peirce and Descartes both have some similarities in their positions about belief and doubt. However, Descartes gives me every reason to continue to think that he is confused with life. First, he doubts his existence on earth. Second, he doubts the existence of God and his own physical being. The reason why I am more so on Peirce’s side is because he basically explains that one must have a clear perception on how to believe and have a belief so that they one can eventually understand the meaning of reasoning. It is clear that Descartes and Peirce have different concepts of belief. However, I feel that Peirce is more concerned with reality. I also feel that Descartes has to prove that his thoughts on belief are clear and meaningful to others while he continues to doubt himself. On the other hand, Peirce seems to let his thoughts speak alone. Moreover, Peirce also explains that he is determined to find out how does one come to find that something is true whereas Descartes is in the stage where he needs to find a ‘foundation’ and get rid of doubt as I mentioned before. In reference to Descartes hyperbolic doubt, personally, I think that Descartes focus is for one to automatically doubt everything and eventually notice that there are ideas and assumptions to face. I am uncertain of whether he wants people to doubt everything even when we are thinking of ideas but I do know that he sends a very confusing message especially compared to Peirce’s thoughts. I question Descartes theory of belief and doubt because how can he have a thought or theory about belief if cant make up his own mind about whether or not God exists? Why would the majority who believes in a god believe anything that he proposes after that? I most certainly would not. I understand that one has to go through trial and error in order to succeed and prove one’s point. However, I think that Descartes points are very weak because he jumps back and forth with every proposal or argument that he presents. He also confuses himself as to whether or not he wants to believe in existing, God, belief, doubt, and truth. In conclusion, I think that Peirce’s argument was presented the best. All of his arguments were strong and made a lot of sense. It is clear that he ended his argument with the belief in empirical investigation. From the notes, Peirce states that he believes that if investigation could possibly continue to its ultimate resolution, opinion would settle on one explanation of things. That explanation is what is real and true. He also makes it very clear that one cannot come up with a conclusion nor have a thought without knowing the foundation. Throughout the entire paper I have criticized Descartes work. However, I do believe that one argument that he presented made a lot of sense to me, believe it or not. He explained that even though he is a thinking thing and he can exist without physically being, he believes that he was a mind and body joined together and that one affects the other. I agree with this statement because, as we mentioned in class, I believe that the mind and body have to work together in order for both of them to function properly.

Soci-Cultural Issues in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soci-Cultural Issues in Education - Essay Example The paper describes the differences between the 16th century's education and the education that we have nowadays. Formal education has become widely accepted as the only tool for promoting growth, enriching experience and developing attitudes. Unlike education in the 16th century that embraced several aspects of informal education, the current educational process is procedural and prescribed. The current educational processes focus on several concepts that shun human values. This results in the complete confusion among the students and teachers. The systems of learning ignore the human element of education. The moral results are far from satisfactory. Consequently, several teachers and students require improvement through the provision of incentives and rewards. A need arises to enhance the teaching approaches, create new value systems and incorporate the human factor in the education sector by aiming at developing appropriate personalities. Prior to the civil war, nearly all educati onal undertakings were designed to create God-fearing attitudes among the citizens. Education was mainly dominated by religious teachings. The education system for the common citizens was aimed at creating literacy and building good character. However, the nobility had their own system that integrated nature studies, mathematics and architecture studies. The slave population was forbidden from offering literacy skills to their children. Massachusetts was the first state to accept a centralised system of public education. In 1830, efforts to introduce compulsory schooling paid out with the taxes. The mandatory schooling has realized increased population dynamics in school. This has resulted in the interaction with people of varied cultures and beliefs within the school setups. For this reason, today’s education system faces the challenge of providing adequate teachers and a holistic curriculum that will harmonize the different cultures (Johnson, Musial & Hall et al 36). Philos ophy has been widely recognised as the pioneering point for human progress. It is like the compass of life to human kind. Man has historically employed exploration and experimentation to unravel the mysteries of life and attain perfection. In an attempt of addressing all the knowledge requirements of life, various schools of learning have emerged to equip humanity with skills for coping with today’s complex society. In the previous centuries, education would be described as bi-polar but it has since developed into multi-polar. This has resulted into a myriad of problems affecting the planners of education and the learners. Today’s society is very multifaceted and the elements of matter, society, community, group or nation have become diverse and complicated (Johnson, Musial & Hall et al 38). For this reason, it has become extremely complex for philosophers to devise an education system that is capable of addressing the challenges presented by the different frontiers of life. The functions of philosophy are to determine the values which education ought to pursue. Bertrand Russell in his theory proposes that education should have an autonomous existence that is effective when it evolves some known process to meet the fundamentals requirements of the society. The function of education is not only to equip